Switzerland: Controversy surrounding 3D-printed suicide capsule Sarco

The interface between 3D printing technology and bioethics is causing debate. A recent case in Switzerland puts a 3D-printed capsule called ‘Sarco’ at the centre of the debate. The capsule, developed by Australian activist Philip Nitschke, was first used for assisted euthanasia.

The Sarco capsule, now in its third version, is based on a 3D-printed design. According to Exit International, the organisation behind the project, the printing costs amount to around 17,000 euros. The size of the capsule requires special 3D printers and is produced in segments.

Technically speaking, the capsule uses a Raspberry Pi for control. The software performs a series of questions to check the user’s mental state. In the future, Exit International plans to use AI for more comprehensive assessments.

The way the capsule works is based on the release of nitrogen, which reduces the oxygen content inside. The process is initiated by the user themselves at the touch of a button. This method is intended to enable a painless death.

The legal situation remains unclear. Swissmedic, the Swiss authorisation authority, has not classified the Sarco capsule as a medical device. Following its first use, arrests have now been made and the public prosecutor’s office is investigating possible violations of the law.

The availability of the 3D print files and the control software is strictly regulated. Exit International plans to make this information available only to registered members via its ‘Peaceful Pill eHandbook’. Membership is restricted to people over the age of 50 and requires identity verification.

The case raises complex ethical and legal issues. It illustrates how 3D printing technology is entering sensitive areas and challenging existing regulations. The debate surrounding the Sarco capsule is an example of the need for a broader social debate on the use of new technologies in ethically sensitive areas.